The Potential of Remote Sensing Data for Oil and Gas Exploration in Indonesia: a Review

Tri Muji Susantoro, Suliantara Suliantara, Agung Budi Harto, Herru Lastiadi Setiawan, Gatot Nugroho, Danang Surya Candra, Adis Jayati, Sayidah Sulma, M Rokhis Khomarudin, Rahmat Arief, Ahmat Maryanto, Yohanes Fridolin Hestrio, Kurdianto Kurdianto

Abstract


Oil and gas are important commodities in Indonesia and remain the main source for energy in various sectors. Therefore, the government aim to produce 1 million barrels of oil per day (BOPD) by 2030. To achieve this goal, exploration work is needed to discover new reserves and maintain production in existing fields. This study reviews the experience of oil and gas exploration in Indonesia using remote sensing data and the potential of using remote sensing data for oil and gas exploration through surface anomalies. Surface anomalies are changes or deviations that occur on the surface as the result of the presence of oil and gas underneath. These anomalies included vegetation growing stunted, yellowing or dying, changes in the quantity and composition of clay minerals, iron oxide, increased concentrations of hydrocarbons, helium, radon, carbon dioxide, microbes, and the presence of paraffin dirt formation, as well as geomorphological changes. This study aims to assess and explain the capabilities of remote sensing data in Indonesia for oil and gas exploration. The results show that remote sensing can be used for the initial exploration of oil and gas by delineating areas of potential oil and gas traps based on topographical anomalies and geological mapping integrated with gravity data and increasing confidence in the presence of oil and gas in the subsurface based on surface anomalies. These results are expected that the usefulness of remote sensing can be used to support oil and gas exploration in Indonesia and can be recognized and used for oil and gas activities by utilizing existing methods and discovering methods for data processing and their applications.


Keywords


remote sensing, exploration, oil and gas, geological mapping, surface anomaly.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdurrahman, M. 2016, Peluang dan tantangan penerapan nanoteknologi melalui metoda enhanced oil recovery (EOR ) di lapangan minyak di Indonesia, Seminar Nasional Kebumian XI (2016), XI(November), 3–4.

Abidin, A. Z., Puspasari, T., and Nugroho, W. A. 2012, Polymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology, Procedia Chemistry, 4, 11–16.

Aggarwal, S. 2004, Principles of remote sensing, M. V. K. Sivakumar, P. S. Roy, K. Harmsen, and S. K. Saha, eds., International Journal of Remote Sensing, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1, 23–38.

Ardhana, W. 1993, A depositional model for the Early Middle Miocene Ngrayong Formation and implications for exploration in the East Java Basin, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 22nd Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 395–441.

Ariadji, F. N., Wikantika, K., and Ariadji, T. 2017, Analisis hasil metode potensi minyak bumi dengan teknologi STeP (Sub-Terrain Prospecting) (studi kasus blok Lampung) (1st ed.), 51–67 in Bunga Rampai ForMIND 2017, ITB Press, Bandung.

Calvert, S. 1999, The Cenozoic geology of the Lariang and Karama Regions, Western Sulawesi: new insight into the evolution of the Makassar straits region, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 29th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–7.

Calvert, S. J., and Hall, R. 2003, The Cenozoic geology of the Lariang and Karama Regions, Western Sulawesi: New Insight into the evolution of the Makassar straits regions, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 27th Annual Convention & Exhibition, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–17.

Calvert, S., and Robert, H. 2007, Cenozoic evolution of the Lariang and Karama regions, North Makassar Basin, western Sulawesi, Indonesia, Petroleum Geoscience, 13(4), 353–368.

Campbell, J. B., and Wynne, R. H. 2011, Introduction to remote sensing (5th ed.), The Guilford Press, New York, United States of America.

Chong, S. W., and Reinders, H. 2021. A methodological review of qualitative research syntheses in CALL: The state-of-the-art. System, 103, 102646

Correa, A. C. 1981, Preliminary structural interpretation of the Mahato-Mandian Block, Central Sumatra basin, Indonesia using side-looking radar data, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 10th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 197–215.

Crystiana, I., Susantoro, T. M., and Firdaus, N. 2015, Pengolahan Data Citra Satelit untuk Mengidentifikasi Potensi Jebakan dalam Kegiatan Eksplorasi Migas, Lembaran Publikasi Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, 49(1), 41–51.

Crystiana, I., Susantoro, T. M., and Junaedi, T. 2014, Identifikasi Potensi Migas melalui Citra Satelit dengan Pendekatan Anomali Topografi (Studi Kasus Daerah Indramayu dan Sekitarnya, Lembaran Publikasi Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, 48(2), 89–102.

Darman, H. 2000, Extracting Flow Pattern and Point-Bar Characteristics of a Modern River: A Case Study From the Wahau River, East Kalimantan, 27th Annual Convention Proceedings, Indonesia Petroleum Association, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–12.

Daryanto, W. M., and Nurfadilah, D. 2018, Financial performance analysis before and after the decline in oil production: Case study in Indonesian oil and gas industry, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), 7(3), 10–15.

Davidson, J. W. 1991, The geology and prospectivity of Buton island, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 12th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 209 –333.

Dubucq, D., Turon, L., Blanco, B., and Bideaud, H. 2021, Earth observation remote sensing for oil and gas: A new era, The Leading Edge, 40(1), 26–34.

Fitnawan, E. A. Y., Harsum, W. A., Hasan, A., Hannanu, M. I., Paulus, S. L., Dharma, S., Subhono, B., Lasabuda, A., Supriyadi, R. A., Ciptadi, S., Amanda, R., Mansyur, B., Kusumawati, I., Barliansyah, A., and Zein, A. A. 2021, Towards Achieving Indonesia’s Oil Production Target of 1 MMBOPD by 2030: An Outlook from IATMI Norway, SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, One Petro, Virtual.

Fussell, J., Rundquist, D., and Harrington, J. A. 1986, On defining remote sensing, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 52(9), 1507–1511.

Geological Agency, 2009, Sedimentary basin map of Indonesia, Bandung, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia.

Ginanjar, H., Zulkhifly, S., and Pratama, A. D. 2014, Gas hydrates development – Indonesia outlook, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 38th Annual Convention & exhibition, IPA14-SE-053.

Goetz, A. F. H., and Rowan, L. 1981, Geologic Remote Sensing, Science, 211(4484), 781–791.

Granath, J. W., Dickson, W. G., Christ, J. M., and Odegard, M. E. 2004, Exploration-scale features from high resolution gravity and topographic datasets and their derivatives, IPA - AAPG Deepwater and Frontier Symposium, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 93–103.

Gunningham, N. 2013, Managing the energy trilemma: The case of Indonesia, Energy Policy, 54, 184–193.

Gupta, R. P. 1991, Remote Sensing Geology (1st ed.), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 356.

Hakim, R. N. 2018, Shale hydrocarbon characterization of North Sumatra Basin, Indonesia: revealing new reserves of non-conventional shale hydrocarbon, AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, November 4 -11, 2018, AAPG Datapages, Cape Town, South Africa.

Halim, A. Y., Fauzi, U. D., Siregar, S., Soewono, E., Gunawan, A. Y., Astuti, D. I., and Juli, N. 2009, Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Investigation of Bacteria Ability to Live and Alter Crude Oil Physical Characteristics in High Pressure Condition, Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference & Exhibition.

Haris, A., Riyanto, A., Seno, B., Almunawar, H. A., Marbun, M. B., Mahmudin, I., and Manaf, P. E. 2018, Unconventional resources of shale hydrocarbon in Sumatra Basin, Indonesia (1st ed.), 21–39 in A. Al-Juboury, ed., Shale Gas- New Aspects and Technologies, IntechOpen, London.

Harrington, J. 2016, CBM Indonesia – dull past, bright future, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 2016 Technical Symposium, Indonesia Exploration: Where From, Where To, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 42_TS–16.

Havid 1998, Pemanfaatan citra ERS-1 (SAR) dan citra Landsat Thematic Mapper untuk kajian struktur geologi: studi kasus di daerah Ungaran – Salatiga Jawa Tengah, Thesis. Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Hendraningrat, L., Wulandari, A., B.V. S, H., Tasha, S., and Pamungkas, M. 2021, Achieving Indonesian Oil and Gas production to 1 million barrels per day by 2030 using Nanoflooding as Novel EOR Method: Dream vs. Reality, PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION, Forty-Fifth Annual Convention & Exhibition.

Hong, Y. 1999, Imaging spectrometry for hydrocarbon microseepage, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Netherlands.

Insley, M., and Tocher, M. 1999, Comparison of fold development in the frontal region of the fold and thrust belts of PNG/Irian Jaya and Pakistan, Proceedings, Gas Habitats of SE Asia and Australian Conference, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–12.

Jacobson, M. I., and Sani, K. 1993, Post Convention field trip West Timor, Nusa Tenggara Timur - Guide Book, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–95.

Jordan, C. F. 1998, The sedimentology of Kepulauan Seribu: a modern patch reef complex in the West Java Sea, Indonesia, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, Annual Convention & Exhibition, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–81.

Kartaadiputra, L. W., and Samuel, L. 1988, Oil exploration in Eastern Indonesia, facts and perspectives, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 17th Annual Convention & Exhibition, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–22.

Keetley, J. T., Kendrick, R. D., Pieters, P., and Sugiaman, F. 2003, 3D Risk and Prospect Evaluation: Gunung Salak Geothermal Field, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 29th Annual Convention Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–5.

Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., and Chipman, J. 2015, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (7th Editio), John Wiley & Sons.

Lord, B. 2017, Remote sensing techniques for onshore oil and gas exploration, The Leading Edge, 36(1), 24–32.

Marceau, D. J., and Hay, G. J. 1999, Remote Sensing Contributions to the Scale Issue, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(4), 357–366.

McAdoo, R. L., and Haebig, J. C. 1999, Tectonic elements of the North Irian Basin, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 27th Annual Convention & Exhibition, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–17.

Miller, V. C. 1961, Photogeology, McGraw-Hill, New York,

Mudjito, Husen, M., Rahardjo, W., and Musliki, S. 1993, Indonesian Petroleum Association post convention field trip 1993 Central & East java-Guide Book, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–42.

Mulhadiono, M., and Simbolon, B. 1988, Preliminary account on the petroleum potential of Timor Island, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association 17th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–22.

Munn, Z., Stern, C., Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., and Jordan, Z. 2018. What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC medical research methodology, 18(1), 1-9.

Naudé, Y., Rooyen, M. W. Van, and Rohwer, E. R. 2011, Evidence for a Geochemical Origin of the Mysterious Circles in the Pro-Namib Desert, Journal of Arid Environments, 75(5), 446–456.

Noomen, M. F. 2007, Hyperspectral reflectance of vegetation affected by underground hydrocarbon gas seepage, ITC Dissertation, 145, 151.

Noomen, M. F., van der Werff, H. M. A., and van der Meer, F. D. 2012, Spectral and spatial indicators of botanical changes caused by long-term hydrocarbon seepage, Ecological Informatics, 8, 55–64.

Peña, S. A., and Abdelsalam, M. G. 2006 Orbital rem,ote sensing for geological mapping in southern Tunisia: Implication for oil and gas exploration, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44(2), 203–219.

Potter II, R. W., Harrington, P. A., Alan H., S., and Viellenave, J. H. 1996, Significance of Geochemical Anomalies in Hydrocarbon Exploration: One Company’s Experience, (D. Schumacher and M. A. Abrams, Eds.)Hydrocarbon Migration and Its Near-Surface Expression, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.

PPPTMGB LEMIGAS-JICA 1994, A Guideline of Image Interpretation for Oil and Gas Exploration: The Project on Image Processing Technology for Oil and Gas Study, PPPTMGB LEMIGAS, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Rafi, M. 2023, Prediksi litologi menggunakan algoritma K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) di Formasi Cibulakan Atas, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Rahman, A., Richards, R., Dargusch, P., and Wadley, D. 2023, Pathways to reduce Indonesia’s dependence on oil and achieve longer-term decarbonization, Renewable Energy, 202, 1305–1323.

Rivereau, J. C., and Fontanel, A. 1976, Remote Sensing as an Aid to Petroleum and Mining Exploration, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, the 5th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA), Jakarta, Indonesia, 133–149.

Sabins, F F, and Ford, J. P. 1985 Space shuttle radar images of Indonesia, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 14th A,nnual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 471–476.

Sabins, Floyd F 1983, Space Shuttle Radar Images of Indonesia, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, the Twelfth Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA), Jakarta, Indonesia, 127–142.

Satyana, A. H. 2016, Review of Indonesia’s petroleum exploration 2000‐2015 : where from, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2016 Technical symposium, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 29-TS-16.

Saunders, D. F., Burson, R. K., and Thompson, C. K. 1999, Model for Hydrocarbon Microseepages and Related Near-Surface Alteration, Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geology, 83(1), 170–185.

Schumacher, D. 1996 Hydrocarbon-induced alteration of soils and sediments, 71–89 in D. Schumacher and A. M. A, eds., AAPG Memoir, The American Association of ,Petroleum Geologists.

Schumacher, D., and LeSchack, L. A. 2002, Surface Exploration Case Histories, Applications of Geochemistry, Magnetics, and Remote Sensing, 486 in AAPG Studies in Geology, No. 48, AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.

Sechman, H., Góra, A., Twaróg, A., Guzy, P., Górska-Mruk, E., and Górecki, W. 2018, Near-surface geochemical anomalies integrated with seismic and well data over the contact of the outer Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep (SE Poland), Geofluids, 2018, 7014324.

Setianto, A. 2003, Geologi daerah mountain front block, Cekungan Sumatera Tengah, Riau berdasarkan citra Landsat Thematic Mapper, Thesis. Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Setio, N., Suwarlan, W., and Latief, R. 1989, The integration of borehole, seismic data, geological field work, paleontological data, and SAR in a thrusted area of East Kalimantan, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 18th Annual Convention & Exhibitioneding, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 17–30.

Shirazy, A. S., Shirazy, A., and Nazerian, H. 2021, Application of Remote Sensing in Earth Sciences – A Review, International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications, 10(05), 045–051.

Sikka, D. B., and Shives, R. B. 2001, Mechanisms to Explain the Formation of Geochemical Anomalies Over Oilfields. In Near-Surface Hydrocarbon Migration: Mechanisms and Seepage Rates, AAPG HEDBERG CONFERENCE, AAPG, Vancouver, Canada, 1–4.

Sosromihardjo, S. P. C. 1988, Structural Analysis of the North Sumatra Basin, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 17th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 187–209.

Sudrajat (1990): Petunjuk dalam Penafsiran Geologi Potret Udara, Yogyakarta.

Suliantara, Prasetyo, D. F., Isnawati, and Susantoro, T. M. 2010, Remote sensing geology of South Upper Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan based on Palsar imagery, Proceedings PIT IAGI, the 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition, Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia, Lombok, 1–15.

Suliantara, Susantoro, T. M., Setiawan, H. L., and Firdaus, N. 2021, A preliminary study on heavy oil location in Central Sumatra using remote sensing and geographic information system, Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas (SCOG), 44(1), 39–54.

Sundberg, K. R. 1994, Surface geochemistry applications in oil and gas exploration, Oil and Gas Journal, retrieved from internet: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7260270, 92(23).

Susantoro, T. M. 2009a, Optimalisasi Data Landsat 7 ETM+ dan SRTM untuk Revisi Peta Geologi Lembar Bojonegoro, Thesis. Universitas Gadjah Mada, 167.

Susantoro, T. M. 2009b, Penajaman topografi pada Landsat 7ETM+ menggunakan SRTM, Berita Inderaja, 8(15), 15–19.

Susantoro, T. M., Danoedoro, P., and Sutikno 2009, Pengenalan aplikasi geologi daerah Bojonegoro dan sekitarnya menggunakan data Landsat-7 ETM+, Berita Inderaja, 8(14), 15–22.

Susantoro, T. M., Puspitasari, A. S., and Wikantika, K. 2016, Spectral Pattern of Several Mudvolcano Types Using Analytical Spectral Devices, Y. Marini, Mukhoriyah, G. D. Yudha, F. Yulianto, and A. K. Hayati, eds., Proceedings Seminar Nasional Penginderaan Jauh. Penguatan Kemandirian IPTEK dan Pemanfaatan Penginderaan Jauh untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam, Lingkungan dan Mitigasi Bencana, Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional-LAPAN, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, 219–226.

Susantoro, T. M., Saepuloh, A., Agustin, F., Wikantika, K., and Harsolumakso, A. H. 2020, Clay mineral alteration in oil and gas fields: integrated analyses of surface expression, soil spectra, and X-ray diffraction data, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 46(2), 237–251.

Susantoro, T. M., and Suliantara 2014, Pemetaan Migas pada Cekungan Frontier Memberamo dengan Citra Satelit dan Didukung Data Subsurface Regional, Lembaran Publikasi Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, 48(3), 141–150.

Susantoro, T. M., Suliantara, Setiawan, H. L., Widarsono, B., and Wikantika, K. 2022, Heavy Oil Potentials in Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia Using Remote Sensing, Gravity, and Petrophysics Data: From Literature Review to Interpretations and Analyses, Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 7(3), 363–384.

Susantoro, T. M., Suliantara, Setiawan, H. L., and Wikantika, K. 2022, Study of earth surface morphological anomalies based on Landsat OLI 8 data and soil grain size in oil and gas field in undulating morphology, The 9th International Seminar on Aerospace Science and Technology (ISAST 2022), Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–10.

Susantoro, T. M., Wikantika, K., Puspitasari, A. S. S., and Saepuloh, A. 2017, Impact of oil and gas field in sugar cane condition using Landsat 8 in Indramayu area and its surrounding, West Java Province, Republic of Indonesia, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences, {IOP} Publishing, Bogor, 54, 1–10.

Susantoro, T. M., Wikantika, K., Saepuloh, A., and Harsolumakso, H. A. 2018, Selection of Vegetation Indices for Mapping the Sugarcane Condition Around the Oil and Gas field of North West Java Basin, Indonesia, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 149, 1–10.

Tedesco, S. A. 1995, Concept of Microseepage, 18–31 in S. A. Tedesco, ed., Surface Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration, Chapman & Hall: Springer, Boston.

Thompson, M., Reminton, C., Purnomo, J., and Mcgregor, D. 1991, Detection of liquid hydrocarbon seepage in Indonesian offshore frontier basins using Airborne Laser Fluorosensor (ALF), the results of a Pertamina/BP joint study, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 20th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 663–689.

Van Westen, C. 2000, Remote sensing for natural disaster management, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, 33, 1609–1617.

Wain, T., and Berod, B. 1989, The tectonic framework and paleogeographic evolution of the Upper Kutai Basin, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association 18th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 55–78.

WANG, G., TANG, Y., CHENG, T., TANG, J., FAN, M., and LU, L. 2016, Laboratory Simulation of the Formation Process of Surface Geochemical Anomalies Applied to Hydrocarbon Exploration, Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition, 90(6), 2149–2162.

Wardhana, S. G., Aldi, M., and Siregar, I. R. 2022 Prediksi Kecepatan Gelombang Geser (Vs) Menggunakan Machine Learning di Sumur X, Jurnal Geofisika Eksplorasi, 8(1), 67–77.

Wardhana, S. G., Pakpahan, H. J., Simarmata, K., Pranowo, W., and Purba, H. 2021, Algoritma komputasi machine learning untuk aplikasi prediksi nilai total organic carbon (TOC), Lembaran Publikasi Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, 55(2), 75–87.

Weerd, A. van de, Armin, R. A., Mahadi, S., and Ware, P. L. B. 1987, Geologic setting of the Kerendan Gas and condensate discovery, tertiary sedimentation and paleogeography of the northwestern part of the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia, Proceedings Indonesia Petroleum Association, 16th Annual Convention, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, Indonesia, 317–338.

Yu, Q., Epstein, H. E., Engstrom, R., Shiklomanov, N., and Strelestkiy, D. 2015, Land Cover and Land Use Changes in the Oil and Gas Regions of Northwestern Siberia under Changing Climatic Conditions, Environmental Research Letters, 10, 1–12.

Yudi Tryono, F. 2016, Peranan geologi dalam sistem hidrokarbon serta potensi dan tantangan eksplorasi migas di Indonesia, Forum Teknologi, 06(2), 70–78.

Zuhui, L., Yujin, W., Dongrong, C., Youming, L., Aijun, X., and Fuxing, Y. 1993, Prospecting Oil and Gas Deposits With CR-39 Detectors, Nuclear Tracks Radiat. Measurements, 22(1–4), 387–392.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29017/SCOG.46.1.1346

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.